AGROINOCULATION OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS CAUSES SYSTEMIC INFECTION AND SYMPTOMS IN THE PRESUMED NONHOST NICOTIANA BENTHAMIANA

Agroinoculation of Citrus tristeza virus Causes Systemic Infection and Symptoms in the Presumed Nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) naturally infects only some citrus species and relatives and within these it only invades phloem tissues.Failure to agroinfect citrus plants and the lack of an experimental herbaceous host hindered development of a workable genetic system.A full-genome cDNA redken shades eq 07m driftwood of CTV isolate T36 was cloned in

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Extracting individual characteristics from population data reveals a negative social effect during honeybee defence

Honeybees protect their colony against vertebrates by mass stinging and they coordinate their actions during this crucial event thanks to an alarm pheromone carried directly on the stinger, which is therefore released upon stinging.The pheromone then recruits nearby bees so that more and more bees participate in the defence.However, a quantitative

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